On Monday, March 31st, USDA released the&nbsp;Prospective Plantings&nbsp;report. These acreage estimates are based primarily on surveys conducted by the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) from February 18 to March 18. Principal crop acres planted were projected nationally at nearly 310 million acres, down roughly 1.3 million acres compared to last year. Corn acres are estimated at 95.3 million, up 4.7 million from last year and the third highest in modern history. Soybean planted acres are estimated at 83.5 million, down almost 3.6 million from last year.&nbsp;&nbsp;Cotton acres are projected to be down 12% from last year, at 9.867 million acres, the lowest since 2015. Peanut acreage is projected at 1.95 million acres, up 8% from last year, and rice acres are projected at 2.895 million, down 1% from last year. All wheat acreage is projected at 45.35 million, down 2% from last year. The forecasts in the&nbsp;Prospective Plantings&nbsp;report confirm recent projections released at the February USDA Outlook Forum which had 2025 corn acres increasing by 3.4 million, a 3.1-million-acre reduction in soybeans, and 1.18 million fewer acres of cotton.&nbsp;



In fact, the USDA indicated in the&nbsp;Prospective Plantings&nbsp;report an even larger increase in corn acres compared to last year. Throughout the first quarter of 2025, new crop corn-soybean futures price ratios heavily favored corn over soybeans ranging from 2.20 to 2.31, driven by tightening U.S. and World corn stocks.&nbsp;&nbsp;In fact, the price ratio averaged 2.24 during the window of the 2025 March Prospective Plantings survey compared to 2.49 in the same time frame last year. Cotton was expected to cede acres this year due to struggling demand, intense export competition with Brazil, and lower prices compared to other commodities. All states except Arizona and Kansas are projected to reduce cotton acreage from last year. Rice acres are also expected to decline on lower prices, static input costs and fierce export competition from Asian origins.&nbsp;&nbsp;Seed availability for long-grain rice is an additional factor reducing acres. Futures price reaction from the March 31 report was subdued, with the findings in the&nbsp;Prospective Plantings&nbsp;report mostly in agreement with pre-report industry estimates.&nbsp;&nbsp;New crop (i.e., Fall 2025) corn settled one-half cent lower, soybeans 9 ¾ cents lower, cotton 17 points ($0.0017) lower, and rice 1 ½ cents per cwt. lower.



We now provide a 2025 update to a 2023&nbsp;Southern Ag&nbsp;Today&nbsp;article addressing&nbsp;the reliability of the&nbsp;Prospective Plantings&nbsp;report (Biram and Maples, 2023). The NASS planted acreage projections across the U.S. continue to hold well with low predictive error and hold especially well for corn and soybeans over the 2016-2024 time span (Figure 1). There still remains a relatively small predictive error for rice and cotton over the same time span. The larger variance can be due to (1) the smaller sample size of farms and (2) the alternative crops available to plant in place of corn and soybeans. Most of the U.S. corn and soybean acreage is grown in the upper Midwest but tends to take up acreage across the entire U.S. which allows for a larger sample of farmers and less variance. In the south, farmers rotate corn and soybean crops with cotton, peanuts, and even some vegetables.&nbsp;&nbsp;This makes it more difficult to project acres that may shift based on rotational needs, commodity prices, input costs, and weather.&nbsp;&nbsp;



We re-investigate the difficulty in projecting acreage by choosing the subsample of southern states to see if 1) there is more variance across the changes in corn and soybean acreages given a smaller sample and 2) the pattern of acreage changes across cotton and rice still holds in the subsample. We find this to continue to hold (Figure 2). We see more differences each year between prospective and actual planted acreages in corn and soybeans across southern states, and the general pattern of differences each year for cotton and rice still holds between the full U.S. sample and the southern subsample. This implies that we should generally not expect any significant changes in harvest price expectations driven by differences in planted acreages but rather look to future market-moving events. The continuation of drought conditions in West Texas has implications for the cotton market, while prolonged drought in the western Corn Belt has implications for corn and soybean production, as evidenced in 2023 (Gardner and Biram, 2023). Looking globally, we turn to weather-related impacts to the second Brazilian corn crop, as well as a future path on trade talks with our top trading partners (i.e., Mexico, Canada, and China).&nbsp;



Figure 1. Comparison of Prospective vs. Actual Planted Acreage across the U.S. (2016-2025)



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Figure 2. Comparison of Prospective vs. Actual Planted Acreage across Southern<a href="applewebdata://57E61308-236C-45CE-B8A6-BE88BCD6DC8B#_ftn1">[1]</a>&nbsp;States (2016-2025)



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<a href="applewebdata://57E61308-236C-45CE-B8A6-BE88BCD6DC8B#_ftnref1">[1]</a>&nbsp;States included are Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia.



References:



Biram, Hunter, and William E. Maples. “Key Takeaways and Reliability of the 2023 Prospective Plantings Report.” Southern Ag Today 3(14.1). April 1, 2023. Permalink



Gardner, Grant, and Hunter D. Biram. “USDA Acreage Report Results: Price and Crop Insurance Impacts.” Southern Ag Today. July 3, 2023.&nbsp;<a href="https://southernagtoday.org/2023/07/03/usda-acreage-report-results-price-and-crop-insurance-impacts/">Permalink</a>



NASS/USDA. Prospective Plantings. National Agricultural Statistics Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, March 2025. Retrieved from: https://release.nass.usda.gov/reports/pspl0325.pdf



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Stiles, H. Scott, and Hunter Biram. &#8220;<a href="https://southernagtoday.org/2025/02/07/key-takeaways-of-the-2025-prospective-plantings-report-and-revisiting-reliability/">Key Takeaways of the 2025 Prospective Plantings Report and Revisiting Reliability.</a>&#8221; Southern Ag Today 5(14.3). April 2, 2025. <a href="http://key-takeaways-of-the-2025-prospective-plantings-report-and-revisiting-reliability">Permalink</a>

Key Takeaways of the 2025 Prospective Plantings Report and Revisiting Reliability

Spring is here and not only are calf and fed cattle prices record high, but cull cow prices have joined the action.&nbsp;&nbsp;Cow prices typically increase from late in the previous year until about May-June.&nbsp;&nbsp;Both supply and demand factors contribute to higher cull cow prices in the Spring.&nbsp;&nbsp;On the supply side, total cow slaughter tends to decline until the middle of the year.&nbsp;&nbsp;On the demand side grilling season is starting and that means more demand for ground beef.&nbsp;&nbsp;



Cull cow prices in the Southern Plains have increased from $121 to $145 per cwt since the first of the year.&nbsp;&nbsp;Auction prices a year ago in those markets averaged $134 per cwt.&nbsp;&nbsp;On the meat side, the cow-beef cutout climbed to $297 per cwt.&nbsp;&nbsp;At the same time, wholesale 90 percent lean boneless beef hit $382 per cwt.&nbsp;&nbsp;Pretty clearly tight supplies and Spring grilling season demands are sending prices higher.&nbsp;&nbsp;



On the supply side, cow slaughter, typically, slowly declines until mid-year.&nbsp;&nbsp;That is about where we are through March, maybe a small downward trend in weekly average slaughter.&nbsp;&nbsp;While the pattern of slaughter is pretty normal, the numbers going to slaughter are sharply lower.&nbsp;&nbsp;Through mid-March, beef and dairy cow slaughter are down 20 percent and 6.6 percent, respectively.&nbsp;&nbsp;The decline amounts to 16,000 fewer total cows going to packers per week than last year.&nbsp;



It&#8217;s worth noting that beef cow and dairy cow slaughter exhibit different seasonality throughout the year.&nbsp;&nbsp;Beef cow slaughter tends to decline in Spring, have a mid-year increase, then a peak late in the year.&nbsp;&nbsp;Dairy cow culling peaks early then declines to seasonal lows in mid-year.&nbsp;&nbsp;Production systems across the country largely explain these seasonal peaks and valleys.



While cow slaughter is lower than last year reducing lean beef supplies, imports are adding lean beef trimming supplies.&nbsp;&nbsp;Beef imports in January totaled a monthly record of 608 million pounds.&nbsp;&nbsp;Imports from Brazil were almost a third of total beef imports for the month at 198 million pounds.&nbsp;&nbsp;Brazilian beef imports normally decline after January so total beef imports should decline over the next few months.&nbsp;&nbsp;



There is more room for cow prices to increase further over the next couple of months.&nbsp;&nbsp;Grilling season is just getting started for a lot of the country.&nbsp;&nbsp;Fewer cows going to market will keep prices above a year ago the rest of the year.&nbsp;&nbsp;Higher fed cattle prices should help support cull cow prices.&nbsp;&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1920" height="1440" src="https://sat-wp.afpc.tamu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/5.14.2-1.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-41663" srcset="https://sat-wp.afpc.tamu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/5.14.2-1.jpeg 1920w, https://sat-wp.afpc.tamu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/5.14.2-1-1024x768.jpeg 1024w, https://sat-wp.afpc.tamu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/5.14.2-1-768x576.jpeg 768w, https://sat-wp.afpc.tamu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/5.14.2-1-1536x1152.jpeg 1536w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px" /></figure>



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Anderson, David. &#8220;<a href="https://southernagtoday.org/2025/02/07/record-cow-prices-its-not-april-fools/">Record Cow Prices! It’s Not April Fools!</a>&#8221; Southern Ag Today 5(14.2). April 1, 2025. <a href="http://record-cow-prices-its-not-april-fools">Permalink</a>

Record Cow Prices!  It’s Not April Fools! 

Agriculture is a multi-generational industry, and it is a source of pride for many people in the sector. However, it is also a challenge we must navigate as we move our businesses from one generation to another. There are several hurdles to transitioning a farm business to the next generation, including legal, financial, and social. Initially, we often turn to lawyers and accountants with our questions. However, perhaps the first and most challenging obstacle is the communication needed to bring our families together for these major decisions.&nbsp;



Research in the area of transition planning suggests that there are four stages to go through: (1) development of a retirement plan, (2) identifying a successor, either family or non-family, (3) transferring managerial control, and (4) legal transfer (lawyer and accountant). Many farm transition planning workshops host a lawyer and/or accountant to answer questions and help farm families, but it may be interesting to know that this is the last step in the complete process and that we tend to get stuck on the first step more often than not.&nbsp;



The legal barriers to transitioning a farm require expert help and will vary by farm business, as will the tax implications for different asset bases and in different states. The financial barriers can either speed up or slow down transition plans as the available funds may affect the viability of bringing another person or family into the business. The social barriers will also vary and can include things like delaying a transition decision while waiting for a child to make career and/or marital choices. Marriages and divorces can complicate transition planning as well. Finally, it can be very hard for a farmer or rancher to give up their identity as a producer and control of business decisions by handing over the keys to another, even when it is the next generation of their family. The social barriers arise because farms are a unique intersection between families and businesses.



In conducting qualitative research in Alabama, we have talked to many farmers between the ages of 35 and 50 about their management styles and the issues that challenge them in their operations and lives. We are learning that transition planning is at the top of their minds but approaching the older generations who still own and/or control farm assets is not always easy. They don’t know how to start the conversation in a respectful way that keeps the line of communication open. It may be that encouraging them to attend a transition planning session put on by Extension or at a commodity meeting is one way to start the conversation. Another is asking a family friend to breach the topic, reminding them that time can slip away from them if this gets put off indefinitely. Maybe the first step is as simple as forwarding a copy of this article and asking them to share a conversation over a cup of coffee. Whatever your approach, it is a worthwhile thing to consider and discuss.



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Taylor, Mykel, and Kelli Russell. &#8220;<a href="https://southernagtoday.org/2025/02/07/talking-about-transitioning-our-farms-and-ranches/">Talking about Transitioning our Farms and Ranches.</a>&#8221; Southern Ag Today 5(14.1). March 31, 2025. <a href="http://talking-about-transitioning-our-farms-and-ranches">Permalink</a>

Talking about Transitioning our Farms and Ranches

As we continue to see rural landowners offered renewable energy leases, it&#8217;s important to remember the phases these agreements often include and what may happen during each phase.&nbsp;&nbsp;If you are presented with a lease agreement for a renewable energy project and are considering it, talk with an attorney with experience in the area before signing.&nbsp;&nbsp;In many cases, you can go to your state bar association’s website and look for members in your area and talk with them to better understand their experience with these agreements.&nbsp;&nbsp;At the same time, you can reach out to groups like the American Agricultural Law Association to see if any of their members may have experience in your area.&nbsp;&nbsp;Working with an attorney early on can help ensure you get a fair deal that protects your interests.



Wind and solar energy agreements usually have three stages: an easement period, an option period, and a lease period. In the first stage, the easement period, the landowner allows the developer to study the land to see if it’s good for a wind or solar project. The developer may survey the land, place sensors to measure wind and sunlight and study the impact on the environment and wildlife. They will also check if the land is suitable for construction. This stage can last anywhere from one to three years. During this time, the landowner can still use the land if they don’t interfere with the developer’s equipment on the property during the surveying.  At the same time, the landowner will continue to receive rental payments.



During the second phase, called the option to lease, the developer works on getting permits and funding for the project. For example, in Maryland, they need approval from the Public Service Commission and other permits to start construction. Other states may need different permits from local governments and approval to connect to the power grid. This phase usually lasts two to five years. The developer is not required to proceed with the project during this time. The landowner can still use the land as usual and will also receive rental payments for the land during this phase.



The third and final phase is the lease. In this phase, solar panels or wind turbines are installed, and the landowner starts receiving lease payments. This phase includes building, operating, possible renewal, and eventually removing the equipment. All told this phase of the agreement may run for 30 or more years with renewals included.  The landowner will have limits on how they can use the land to avoid interfering with the project.



This agreement could end early in the first phase if the surveys show the property is unsuitable for renewable energy development.  It could also end in the second phase if the permitting is not approved.  As mentioned earlier, it&#8217;s important to always talk with an attorney and have the agreement reviewed before signing it.



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Goeringer, Paul. &#8220;<a href="https://southernagtoday.org/2025/02/07/understanding-renewable-energy-agreements-easement-option-and-lease-phases-explained/">Understanding Renewable Energy Agreements: Easement, Option, and Lease Phases Explained.</a>&#8221; Southern Ag Today 5(13.5). March 28, 2025. <a href="http://understanding-renewable-energy-agreements-easement-option-and-lease-phases-explained">Permalink</a>

Understanding Renewable Energy Agreements: Easement, Option, and Lease Phases Explained

Every once in a while, the stars align and our elected officials, political appointees, and career USDA employees get it right and, in this case, right on time.&nbsp;&nbsp;On December 21, 2024, President Biden signed the&nbsp;American Relief Act of 2025—the continuing resolution (CR) that funds the government through March 14, 2025, and extended the 2018 Farm Bill provisions through September 30, 2025—into law.&nbsp;&nbsp;Also included in the CR was $10 billion for economic assistance for farmers and $20 billion to cover losses due to natural disasters.&nbsp;&nbsp;In a nod to the dire conditions in the countryside, Congress stipulated that USDA had 90 days to get the program developed and the assistance flowing.&nbsp;&nbsp;Agricultural committee leadership in both the House and Senate kept the pressure on Congressional leadership to include help for our nation’s struggling farmers, and Congress delivered.&nbsp;&nbsp;All that needs to be said is “well done and thank you.”



Between the time the CR was signed into law and Secretary Rollins was confirmed, career USDA-FSA employees were working on developing implementation details and software updates so they could meet the Congressional mandate of 90 days.&nbsp;&nbsp;Once confirmed, Secretary Rollins made getting the funding out by the deadline one of her top priorities.&nbsp;&nbsp;Again, all that needs to be said is “well done and thank you.”



As was reported by every agricultural news outlet, on March 18, 2025—and ahead of schedule—USDA-FSA announced that signup was open for the Emergency Commodity Assistance Program (ECAP), the economic disaster part of the CR that will provide up to $10 billion to eligible producers.&nbsp;&nbsp;This program provides economic assistance payments to eligible producers of specific commodities to help mitigate the impacts of increased input costs and falling commodity prices during the 2024 crop year.&nbsp;&nbsp;Specific program details are available from USDA here (<a href="https://www.fsa.usda.gov/resources/programs/emergency-commodity-assistance-program">https://www.fsa.usda.gov/resources/programs/emergency-commodity-assistance-program</a>).



As my colleagues and I have written in&nbsp;Southern Ag Today&nbsp;multiple times over the past six months, the assistance was badly needed, and I know it is much appreciated.&nbsp;&nbsp;Now farmers are beginning to email with questions about the timing and potential benefits from the natural disaster program.&nbsp;&nbsp;I know that the Secretary and USDA are working diligently to finalize this program, but I have a favor to ask in the interim: send a “thank you” email to House and Senate Agricultural Committee leadership (and their staff) and Secretary Rollins thanking them for their hard work on getting this much needed assistance out the door.&nbsp;&nbsp;All of their emails are easy to find, and if you do that you also deserve a … “well done and thank you.”



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Outlaw, Joe. &#8220;<a href="https://southernagtoday.org/2025/03/25/signup-for-economic-assistance-announced-producers-turn-their-focus-to-physical-disaster-assistance/">Signup for Economic Assistance Announced… Producers Turn Their Focus to Physical Disaster Assistance.</a>&#8221; Southern Ag Today 5(13.4). March 27, 2025. <a href="http://signup-for-economic-assistance-announced-producers-turn-their-focus-to-physical-disaster-assistance">Permalink</a>

Signup for Economic Assistance Announced… Producers Turn Their Focus to Physical Disaster Assistance

With planting season underway across much of the South, and soon across the Corn Belt, one of the major questions that will impact price direction is planted acreage.&nbsp;&nbsp;At the Agricultural Outlook Forum (AOF) in late February, USDA projected corn area planted at 94.0 million acres, up from 90.6 million in 2024 (Figure 1). The increase in acres from 2024 to 2025 was not a surprise given recent strength in corn prices relative to that of soybeans. But, the magnitude of the increase relative to trade expectations can have an impact on futures prices.&nbsp;



Additional information on farmer planting intentions will be released in the March 31&nbsp;Prospective Plantingsreport. This survey is administered by the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) during the first two weeks in March. The next official report of planted acres is the&nbsp;Acreage&nbsp;report of June 30, an additional farmer survey of actual crop acres planted (and remaining intended).&nbsp;



Acres planted is a fluid variable with estimates moving from USDA’s model-based projections (February Outlook) to late-winter farmer intentions (March&nbsp;Prospective Plantings) to area actually planted (June&nbsp;Acreage).&nbsp;&nbsp;Shifts in futures prices as we move from winter to spring offer some indication of what to expect in forthcoming reports.&nbsp;



First, is the relationship between the numbers of the Outlook forum and the prospective plantings survey. In the 29 years since 1996 (the Freedom to Farm era, which moved away from acreage restrictions to greater flexibility in farmer planting decisions), farmer planting intentions were lower than the acreage number presented at the Outlook Forum 17 times (59%); while 12 years were higher (41%). The average for all years is 184,000 acres less of actual planted acreage compared to the Outlook forecast. Balanced against trade expectations, this would generally be seen as bullish for corn prices.&nbsp;



Second, do changes in futures prices affect farmer planting decisions as we move from late winter to spring? Using monthly average inflation adjusted prices of the December corn contract, there is a positive relationship between price changes and acres planted (Figure 2). Years in which the December futures contract increased from February to April tend to be correlated with an increase in acres planted relative to intended. A decline in prices from February to April is associated with fewer acres planted than intended. A rough estimate of that relationship is that a one-cent change in price changes area planted by about 9,000 acres.<a href="applewebdata://0F11893C-89CE-4723-AF4B-DB897A41C1EC#_ftn1">[1]</a>



How does this information position us for the release of 2025 acreage numbers? First, the greatest likelihood is for corn acres intended to come in lower than the projections of the Outlook Forum (bullish). Next, at the time of this writing, the average 2025 December corn futures closing price in March is 451.77 compared to 469.67 in February. If this relationship holds, that is, if the average price in April is still below the February price, that suggests a further reduction in acres from intended to actual (bullish).&nbsp;



Of course, a multitude of other supply and demand variables will ultimately influence the harvest price of corn. Extremes in the change in corn acres planted in response to price came in years of dramatic shifts in demand: 2007 (+2.4 million acres at the beginning of the biofuel era) and 2020 (-5.0 million acres, Covid). Developments related to tariffs and trade may be the catalyst for magnified response in the dynamics of price and acreage in 2025.&nbsp;&nbsp;



Figure 1. U.S. Corn Acres: Agricultural Outlook Forum (AOF),&nbsp;Prospective Plantings&nbsp;(PP), and&nbsp;Acreage



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Figure 2. Corn planted acres in response to a change in price



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<a href="applewebdata://0F11893C-89CE-4723-AF4B-DB897A41C1EC#_ftnref1">[1]</a>&nbsp;For more on farmers’ response to price shocks on planting decisions, see “Estimating Supply Elasticities for Corn in the United States: Accounting for Prospective Plantings”, Raghav Goyal, Michael K. Adjemian, and William Secor, AAEA, 2022.



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References:



USDA, NASS,&nbsp;Acreage.&nbsp;Available online at&nbsp;<a href="https://usda.library.cornell.edu/concern/publications/j098zb09z">https://usda.library.cornell.edu/concern/publications/j098zb09z</a>.



USDA, Agricultural Outlook Forum. Available online at&nbsp;<a href="https://www.usda.gov/about-usda/general-information/staff-offices/office-chief-economist/agricultural-outlook-forum">https://www.usda.gov/about-usda/general-information/staff-offices/office-chief-economist/agricultural-outlook-forum</a>



USDA, NASS,&nbsp;Prospective Plantings. Available online at&nbsp;<a href="https://usda.library.cornell.edu/concern/publications/x633f100h">https://usda.library.cornell.edu/concern/publications/x633f100h</a>



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Welch, J. Mark. &#8220;<a href="https://southernagtoday.org/2025/03/25/estimating-corn-planted-acres-for-2025/">Estimating Corn Planted Acres for 2025.</a>&#8221; Southern Ag Today 5(13.3). March 26, 2025. <a href="http://estimating-corn-planted-acres-for-2025">Permalink</a>

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